Good and Bad Frames in the News Coverage of the Pakistan English Newspaper in the Regime of Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 to 2013

The study examined the coverage of general issues and to find out the performance of Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 to 2013; through English Pakistani newspaper. The aim of this study to investigate the coverage of general issues that how the newspapers framed these issues in a "Good" and "Bad" frame. Furthermore, these frames were showing the credibility of the government. The quantitative content analysis method was used and, the population, all news stories related to general issues, published in selected newspapers, last five years in a selected Regime from 2008 to 2013 in Pakistan. The systematic Random sampling method was deemed appropriate and employed for this study. The finding of this study shows that The PPP government completed its five years term, in that tenure bad governance was in peak. Due to bad governance, poverty was on peak, and the worst model was adobe to control law and order situation, corruption was on peak, all type of terrorism practically active and had no proper plan to fulfil basic needs of the general public. There were waves of political unrest ahead of the 2008 and 2013 general election. The unfortunate incident happened in December 2007 assassination of Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister and chair of the PPP, and there were several attacks in KP and FATA targeting leftist politicians and political rallies in the weeks preceding the 2008 general election

Sources of variability in cytosolic calcium transients triggered by stimulation of homogeneous uro-epithelial cell monolayers

Epithelial tissue structure is the emergent outcome of the interactions between large numbers of individual cells. Experimental cell biology offers an important tool to unravel these complex interactions, but current methods of analysis tend to be limited to mean field approaches or representation by selected subsets of cells. This may result in bias towards cells that respond in a particular way and/or neglect local, context-specific cell responses. Here, an automated algorithm was applied to examine in detail the individual calcium transients evoked in genetically homogeneous, but asynchronous populations of cultured non-immortalized normal human urothelial cells when subjected to either the global application of an external agonist or a localized scratch wound. The recorded calcium transients were classified automatically according to a set of defined metrics and distinct sub-populations of cells that responded in qualitatively different ways were observed. The nature of this variability in the homogeneous cell population was apportioned to two sources: intrinsic variation in individual cell responses and extrinsic variability due to context-specific factors of the environment, such as spatial heterogeneity. Statistically significant variation in the features of the calcium transients evoked by scratch wounding according to proximity to the wound edge was identified. The manifestation of distinct sub-populations of cells is considered central to the coordination of population-level response resulting in wound closure

Characterization and Classification of Adherent Cells in Monolayer Culture using Automated Tracking and Evolutionary Algorithms

This paper presents a novel method for tracking and characterizing adherent cells in monolayer culture. A system of cell tracking employing computer vision techniques was applied to time-lapse videos of replicate normal human uro-epithelial cell cultures exposed to different concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a selective purinergic P2X antagonist (PPADS), acquired over a 24 hour period. Subsequent analysis following feature extraction demonstrated the ability of the technique to successfully separate the modulated classes of cell using evolutionary algorithms. Specifically, a Cartesian Genetic Program (CGP) network was evolved that identified average migration speed, in-contact angular velocity, cohesivity and average cell clump size as the principal features contributing to the separation. Our approach not only provides non-biased and parsimonious insight into modulated class behaviors, but can be extracted as mathematical formulae for the parameterization of computational models

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS

Purpose. In this research we have tried to identify the impact of emotional intelligence on the managerial effectiveness. Design. The domains of emotional intelligence identified by the dr. Daniel Goleman namely self-awareness, self-regulation, social skill & empathy have been tested to include in the listing of 16 managerial skills namely confidence in subordinates, communication and task assignment, networking, colleagues management, discipline, informal communication, management of market environment, conflict resolution, integrity and communication, client management & competence, motivating, delegation, image building, welfare management, consultative, & inspection and innovation - the scale developed by seeta gupta in 1996. Statistical package for the social science is used for analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to define the key aspects and sample formation. Two tailed pearson correlation was applied to check and test the relationship among the variables used in the research. Regression analysis was used to identify the significance, magnitude and direction of the variables. Findings and implications. We have concluded that all four traits of emotional intelligence have been found significant, therefore suggested to include them in the scale of managerial effectiveness

Ketamine-Induced Apoptosis in Normal Human Urothelial Cells

Recreational abuse of ketamine has been associated with the emergence of a new bladder pain syndrome, ketamine‐induced cystitis, characterised by chronic inflammation and urothelial ulceration. This study investigated the direct effects of ketamine on normal human urothelium maintained in organ culture or as finite cell lines in vitro. Exposure of urothelium to ketamine resulted in apoptosis, with cytochrome c release from mitochondria and significant subsequent caspase 9 and 3/7 activation. The anaesthetic mode‐of‐action for ketamine is mediated primarily through N‐methyl Daspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonism; however, NHU cells were unresponsive to NMDAR agonists or antagonists and no expression of NMDAR transcript was detected. Exposure to non‐cytotoxic concentrations of ketamine (≤1 mM) induced rapid release of ATP, which activated purinergic P2Y receptors and stimulated the inositol trisphosphate receptor to provoke transient release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. Ketamine concentrations >1 mM were cytotoxic and provoked a largeramplitude increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] that was unresolved. The sustained elevation in cytosolic [Ca2+] was associated with pathological mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP deficiency. Damage to the urinary barrier initiates bladder pain and in ketamine‐induced cystitis, loss of urothelium from large areas of the bladder wall is a reported feature. This study offers first evidence for a mechanism of direct toxicity of ketamine to urothelial cells by activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, Fatty Acids Composition, and Functional Group Analysis of Heliotropium bacciferum

Heliotropium bacciferum is paramount in medicinal perspective and belongs to Boraginaceae family. The crude and numerous fractions of leaves, stem, and roots of the plant were investigated for phytochemical analysis and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Phytochemical analysis of crude and fractions of the plant revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenols. The antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activity of various extracts of the Heliotropium bacciferum was resolute against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical with the avail of UV spectrophotometer at 517 nm. The stock solution (1000 mg/mL) and then several dilutions (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/mL) of the crude and fractions were prepared. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard. The plant leaves (52.59 ± 0.84 to 90.74 ± 1.00), stem (50.19 ± 0.92 to 89.42 ± 1.10), and roots extracts (49.19 ± 0.52 to 90.01 ± 1.02) divulged magnificent antioxidant activities. For the ascertainment of the fatty acid constituents a gas chromatograph hyphenated to mass spectrometer was used. The essential fatty acids for growth maintenance such as linoleic acid (65.70%), eicosadienoic acid (15.12%), oleic acid (8.72%), and palmitic acid (8.14%) were found in high percentage. The infrared spectra of all extracts of the plant were recorded by IR Prestige-21 FTIR model

Functional expression of purinergic P2 receptors and transient receptor potential channels by the human urothelium

In addition to its role as a physical barrier, the urothelium is considered to play an active role in mechanosensation. A key mechanism is the release of transient mediators that activate purinergic P2 receptors and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels to effect changes in intracellular Ca 2ϩ . Despite the implied importance of these receptors and channels in urothelial tissue homeostasis and dysfunctional bladder disease, little is known about their functional expression by the human urothelium. To evaluate the expression and function of P2X and P2Y receptors and TRP channels, the human ureter and bladder were used to separate urothelial and stromal tissues for RNA isolation and cell culture. RT-PCR using stringently designed primer sets was used to establish which P2 and TRP species were expressed at the transcript level, and selective agonists/antagonists were used to confirm functional expression by monitoring changes in intracellular Ca 2ϩ and in a scratch repair assay. The results confirmed the functional expression of P2Y4 receptors and excluded nonexpressed receptors/channels (P2X 1, P2X3, P2X6, P2Y6, P2Y11, TRPV5, and TRPM8), while a dearth of specific agonists confounded the functional validation of expressed P2X 2, P2X4, P2Y1, P2Y2, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV6 and TRPM7 receptors/channels. Although a conventional response was elicited in control stromal-derived cells, the urothelial cell response to well-characterized TRPV1 and TRPV4 agonists/ antagonists revealed unexpected anomalies. In addition, agonists that invoked an increase in intracellular Ca 2ϩ promoted urothelial scratch repair, presumably through the release of ATP. The study raises important questions about the ligand selectivity of receptor/ channel targets expressed by the urothelium. These pathways are important in urothelial tissue homeostasis, and this opens the possibility of selective drug targeting. calcium; purinergic; transient receptor potential channel; urothelium THERE HAS BEEN a growing appreciation that rather than a simple passive barrier, the urothelium plays a more active role in the urinary tract. After physical or other damage, the urothelium will self-repair by switching from a mitotically quiescent to a highly regenerative state More intriguingly, the urothelium has been reported to possess sensory neuronal-like properties and to respond to mechanical and chemical stimulation through the release of transient mediators (4). Various mediators have been implicated, including ATP, nitric oxide, acetylcholine, and substance P (1, 7, 11). These short-lived mediators are considered to actuate suburothelial afferent neurons involved in the regulation of sensory perception and pain, but the urothelium is itself widely reported to express an array of receptors and channels that may respond in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to released mediators. These include purinergic P2X and P2Y (8, 24, 27), transient receptor potential (TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, and TRPM8), acetylcholine (nicotinic and muscarinic), tachykinin, nerve growth factor, endothelin, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and bradykinin (3, 9, 15, 17) receptors. The outcome of such signaling is incompletely understood as it may play a bidirectional feedback role in modulating the neuronal signal and/or effect changes in urothelial homeostasis, such as barrier repair. It has also been suggested that abnormal expression of receptors and/or mediator release by the urothelium may be involved in dysfunctional diseases of the bladder, including idiopathic detrusor instability and interstitial cystitis Despite the literature reporting expression of these channels and receptors by the urothelium, consensus is confounded by contradictions in experimental approaches, including the species, specificity of reagents, and the nature of the tissue preparation (for a review, see Ref. 30). There has been limited characterization of these receptor/mediator signaling pathways in the human urothelium, where functional TRPV1 (10) and an autocrine-activated P2Y receptor pathway (19, 26) have been reported. Ultimately, this conflict and the lack of consensus are hindrances to the development of selective drugs. To attribute expression and function to specific tissue compartments, the present study was designed to define the functional expression of purinergic and transient receptors in the isolated human urothelium and stromal cells in situ and in vitro. A preliminary investigation revealed a lack of specificity of commercially available antibodies. For this reason, our rationalized experimental approach was to identify candidate receptors based on mRNA expression followed by confirmatory functional experiments to measure changes in intracellular Ca 2ϩ using specific agonists/antagonists. Finally, to examine whether receptor activation plays a role in urothelial homeostasis, we examined the effect of receptor activation on human urothelial scratch wound repair in vitro

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Rho-kinase and excitation-contraction coupling in ureter smooth muscle

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